Random Access Memory: RAM

Random access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a type of data store used in computers that allows the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random, not just in sequence. In contrast, other types of memory devices (such as magnetic tapes, disks, and drums) can access data on the storage medium only in a predetermined order due to constraints in their mechanical design.

Generally, RAM in a computer is considered main memory or primary storage:
the working area used for loading, displaying and manipulating applications and data. This type of RAM is usually in the form of integrated circuits (ICs). These are commonly called memory sticks or RAM sticks because they are manufactured as small circuit boards with plastic packaging and are about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. Most personal computers have slots for adding and replacing memory sticks.

Most RAM can be both written to and read from, so "RAM" is often used interchangeably with "read-write memory." In this sense, RAM is the "opposite" of ROM, but in a more true sense, of sequential access memory.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets instructions and processes data contained in computer programs. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured using integrated circuits is known as a microprocessor. Since the mid-1970s, single-chip microprocessors have almost totally replaced all other types of CPUs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor.

The phrase "central processing unit" is a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute complex computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.

Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of inexpensive and standardized classes of processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones to children's toys.

DRAM packaging

For economical reasons, the large (main) memories found in personal computers, workstations, and non-handheld game-consoles (such as playstation and xbox) normally consists of dynamic RAM (DRAM). Other parts of the computer, such as cache memories and data buffers in hard disks, normally use static RAM (SRAM).

General DRAM packaging formats

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is produced as integrated circuits (ICs) bonded and mounted into plastic packages with metal pins for connection to control signals and buses. Today, these DRAM packages are in turn often assembled into plug-in modules for easier handling. Some standard module types are:

* DRAM chip (Integrated Circuit or IC)
o Dual in-line Package (DIP)
* DRAM (memory) modules
o Single In-line Pin Package (SIPP)
o Single in-line memory module (SIMM)
o Dual in-line memory module (DIMM)
o Rambus modules are technically DIMMs, but are usually referred
to as RIMMs due to their proprietary slot.
o Small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM). Smaller version of the DIMM, used in laptops. Comes in versions with:
+ 72 pins (32-bit)
+ 144 pins (64-bit)
+ 200 pins (72-bit)
o Small outline RIMM (SO-RIMM). Smaller version of the RIMM, used in laptops.
* Stacked v. non-stacked RAM modules
o Stacked RAM chips use two RAM wafers that are stacked on top of each other. This allows large module (like a 512mb or 1Gig SO-DIMM) to be manufactured using cheaper low density wafers. Stacked chip modules draw more power.

Computer hardware

Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the
sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is therefore "firm" rather than just "soft").

Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other devices. Personal computers, the computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003) Market statistics.

Ciphers

Sebuah cipher adalah sebuah algoritma untuk menampilkan enkripsi dan kebalikannya dekripsi, serangkaian langkah yang terdefinisi yang diikuti sebagai prosedur. Alternatif lain ialah encipherment. Informasi yang asli disebuh sebagai plaintext, dan bentuk yang sudah dienkripsi disebut sebagai chiphertext. Pesan chipertext berisi seluruh informasi dari pesan plaintext, tetapi tidak dalam format yang didapat dibaca manusia ataupun komputer tanpa menggunakan mekasnisme yang tepat untuk melakukan dekripsi.

Cipher pada biasanya memiliki parameter dari sebagian dari informasi utama, disebut sebagai kunci. Prosedur enkripsi sangat bervariasi tergantung pada kunci yang akan mengubah rincian dari operasi algoritma. Tanpa menggunakan kunci, chiper tidak dapat digunakan untuk dienkirpsi
ataupun didekripsi.

Who Am I

Everybody call me Chandra, coz its my real name.
When i was in highschool, i've got myself a nickname: lele
which is in english mean catfish.

So now, almost everytime i met my highschool friends, they called me by
that name. Which is different with i am now, in college, i ain't got any
nickname.

But, for short, my college friends sometimes call me Cha-cha or Uchan. And
my girlfriend called me dear or honey (ofcourse...)

Bon Echo Alpha 2 Milestone

Bon Echo Alpha 2 is the second developer milestone on the path to Firefox 2. This milestone is focused on testing the core functionality provided by many new features and changes to the platform scheduled for Firefox 2. Ongoing planning for Firefox 2 can be followed at the Bon Echo Planning Center, as well as in mozilla.dev.planning and on irc.mozilla.org in #bonecho.

Changes in this milestone that require feedback include:

• Links default to opening in new tabs, not new windows
• Close buttons now appear on every tab, and the close behaviour is slightly different
• Inline spell checking in text boxes
• Automatic restoration of your browsing session if there is a crash
• Search suggestions now appear in the search box auto-complete for Google and Yahoo!
• New search plugin manager for removing and re-ordering search engines
• Improved support for previewing and subscribing to web feeds
• New microsummaries feature for bookmarks
• New Add-Ons manager improves the user interface for managing extensions and themes
• Updates to the extension system to provide enhanced security and to allow for easier localization of extensions
• New search service that supports Sherlock and OpenSearch engines
• Support for SVG text using svg:textPath

Firefox 1.5

Firefox 1.5 arrived just 1½ month ago. The perhaps biggest news with version 1.5 was the new engine which was a lot faster than the old one. Mozilla has stated that since the focus was on the new engine som other things, more shallow things, had to wait, which will now be fixed. With FireFox 2.0 it will improve the History, bookmarks, RSS, tabbed browsing, etc. In other words practical and userfriendly features which should strengthen its position with the regular users that chose Internet Explorer just because it is right there when you start the computer.